We’ve spent more than fifty years learning how to strengthen systems and grow systems leaders: people who see beyond the boundaries of their own organisation or mandate. Who work across sectors. Who build coalitions. And find the leverage points where a small shift can trigger a cascade. From presidential compacts to village water committees, from national policy to ministerial reform, we’ve developed and worked with systems leaders in government and in service providers, in communities and in financial institutions. We believe that systems leadership is the only approach equal to the scale of the challenges we face today.
Institutional credibility is the ability of national and local institutions to be seen as reliable, investable and accountable – by citizens, governments and financiers alike. It is built from the inside out: through strong governance and clear regulation, through service providers who know their assets, their costs and their customers, through fiscal systems that blend tariffs, taxes and external finance in sustainable ways. When those foundations are in place, public services stop being a drain on the national budget and become a credible target for long-term investment – and the foundation on which thriving and resilient nations are built.
We are living through a pivotal moment. The old architecture of international development assistance is changing, fast. Within that disruption lies a real opportunity: for governments across Africa and Asia to invest in the public services that will strengthen their nations and create healthy, resilient, communities and economies. Our own transformation – from a Dutch-based international NGO to a network of independent, locally-led national organisations – is our answer to that same imperative. We believe in locally-led change – and we’re proof of it.
We’ve spent decades building the coalitions and platforms that make collective action possible – hosting secretariats, shaping global networks, working with partners across sectors and borders. Collective action demands more than coordination. It requires a shared belief that systems can change, a willingness to work at the pace required to build relationships and trust, and the discipline to align strategies rather than simply attend the same meetings. That is the kind of collaboration we seek, and the kind we try to model.
Systems leadership essay
Patrick Moriarty
The world knows how to deliver essential public services to everyone. What unlocks it is political will, the right systems, and leaders who understand that water and sanitation are not technical problems – they are governance ones. Patrick Moriarty has spent twenty-five years making that case, and building the intellectual tools to back it up.
His central contribution has been to shift how the sector thinks: from infrastructure to systems, from projects to services, from delivery to sustainability. The concepts of systems thinking, systems strengthening and systems leadership – now embedded in the vocabulary of the field – were developed in significant part through his work at IRC and Riva over more than two decades.
That intellectual agenda has always been matched by political engagement. Through his work in Riva and as chair of Sanitation and Water for All, he helped build the Presidential Compact model – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority – into a movement in more than ten countries. A civil engineer by training with a PhD in Water Resource Management, he brings technical grounding to debates that are fundamentally about politics and human behaviour. He is Irish and lives between Bristol and The Hague.
A few highlights
- Secretary General of the Riva Network – leading the transformation of IRC from a Dutch NGO into a federated global network of nationally-led organisations, a decade in the making
- Architect of the Presidential Compacts movement – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority, now active in more than ten countries across Africa and Asia
- Co-founder of the One For All alliance – a unique partnership with Water for People built around a shared strategy, shared results framework (Destination 2030), and a jointly registered UK legal entity; one of the few genuine peer alliances in international development
- Co-founder of the Agenda for Change – a network of organisations committed to driving systems change in water and sanitation globally
- Pioneer of the systems strengthening agenda in water and sanitation – co-developing the life-cycle costing approach to sustainable services, and convening the All Systems Connect Symposium to connect water, health, climate and social justice
- Working languages: English and French
Anita Holford
In an ever-more complex world, confronted by ‘wicked’, interconnected, problems, the world calls for a different form of leadership: systems leadership. Now is the time to lead differently. But how can we all be systems leaders?
CEO of IRC who explores what systems leadership is and what we can do to accelerate the thinking and behaviours that we need now, and for the future.
Explore our working paper
In search of deeper leverage points: going beyond the technical to transform systems and lives
Angela Huston
Angela Huston joined IRC in 2016 and after seven and a half years of full commitment to the WASH sector, she moved to the role of IRC Associate. In this role, she supported IRC's CONNECT initiative.
Angela has a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from McGill University, completed in close collaboration with the IRC Uganda team. Angela is experienced in dialogue facilitation and inclusive multi-stakeholder methods. She values pragmatism and humour.
Angela speaks English, French, and Spanish, and is currently learning Italian and German.
Shift the system mapping
Angela Huston
Angela Huston joined IRC in 2016 and after seven and a half years of full commitment to the WASH sector, she moved to the role of IRC Associate. In this role, she supported IRC's CONNECT initiative.
Angela has a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from McGill University, completed in close collaboration with the IRC Uganda team. Angela is experienced in dialogue facilitation and inclusive multi-stakeholder methods. She values pragmatism and humour.
Angela speaks English, French, and Spanish, and is currently learning Italian and German.
Advancing the evidence for water, sanitation and hygiene systems strengthening: a Delphi study to define research priorities
Angela Huston
Angela Huston joined IRC in 2016 and after seven and a half years of full commitment to the WASH sector, she moved to the role of IRC Associate. In this role, she supported IRC's CONNECT initiative.
Angela has a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from McGill University, completed in close collaboration with the IRC Uganda team. Angela is experienced in dialogue facilitation and inclusive multi-stakeholder methods. She values pragmatism and humour.
Angela speaks English, French, and Spanish, and is currently learning Italian and German.
Lauren D’Mello-Guyett
Ruth Sylvester
Beda Levira
Jane Falconer
Tommy Kai Kit Ngai
Brian Reed
Euphresia Luseka
Claire Grisaffi
Jamie Bartram
Robert Dreibelbis
Barbara Evans
Paul Hutchings
Measuring what matters: rethinking evaluation in WASH systems strengthening programmes
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Ruchika Shiva
Ruchika Shiva came to her work through the people that public services most often miss. Before joining Riva, she worked on rights of children in difficult circumstances, including street children in Delhi and ran advocacy campaigns on girls' right to education. That background gave her a conviction that ripples through all of her work: a system that doesn’t reach everyone isn’t finished yet.
Ruchika works with the governments and institutions that deliver essential services – village councils deciding how to allocate and spent water budgets, city utilities trying to reach informal settlements, state governments understanding where money flows through their systems and where it stops. She helps them close the gap between what their systems promise and what communities actually receive: by building better evidence, strengthening governance, and designing services with the people most likely to be left out.
Nineteen years working in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Cambodia have given Ruchika a deep understanding of how this region's institutions work – and where they fail. She firmly believes that the first question we should ask is: who is this system designed for? Ruchika’s 2025 paper on gender equity and social inclusion, now a WASH Systems Academy course, has shifted how practitioners across six countries work. She holds an MA in Social Work from Delhi University, is fluent in English and Hindi, and is based in Delhi.
A few highlights
- 19 years in development; 11 years leading Riva's Asia programme across India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Cambodia
- Systems leadership for water-secure cities – Water4Change programme with city governments in Bhopal, Bhuj and Kozhikode
- Climate resilience and institutional strengthening in four climate hotspots in Bangladesh, in partnership with BRAC, supported by the Dutch Embassy
- Lead for gender equity and social inclusion across the FCDO WASH Systems for Health programme in six countries
- Co-author of the 2025 learning note on GESI-responsive systems strengthening which is also the basis for a WASH Systems Academy course
- Working languages: English and Hindi
Principles for water, sanitation and hygiene systems strengthening
Angela Huston
Angela Huston joined IRC in 2016 and after seven and a half years of full commitment to the WASH sector, she moved to the role of IRC Associate. In this role, she supported IRC's CONNECT initiative.
Angela has a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from McGill University, completed in close collaboration with the IRC Uganda team. Angela is experienced in dialogue facilitation and inclusive multi-stakeholder methods. She values pragmatism and humour.
Angela speaks English, French, and Spanish, and is currently learning Italian and German.
Hélene LeDeunff
Alejandro Jiménez
Building strong WASH systems for the SDGs
Patrick Moriarty
The world knows how to deliver essential public services to everyone. What unlocks it is political will, the right systems, and leaders who understand that water and sanitation are not technical problems – they are governance ones. Patrick Moriarty has spent twenty-five years making that case, and building the intellectual tools to back it up.
His central contribution has been to shift how the sector thinks: from infrastructure to systems, from projects to services, from delivery to sustainability. The concepts of systems thinking, systems strengthening and systems leadership – now embedded in the vocabulary of the field – were developed in significant part through his work at Riva over more than two decades.
That intellectual agenda has always been matched by political engagement. Through his work in Riva and as chair of Sanitation and Water for All, he helped build the Presidential Compact model – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority – into a movement in more than ten countries. A civil engineer by training with a PhD in Water Resource Management, he brings technical grounding to debates that are fundamentally about politics and human behaviour. He is Irish and lives between Bristol and The Hague.
A few highlights
- Secretary General of the Riva Network – leading the transformation of IRC from a Dutch NGO into a federated global network of nationally-led organisations
- An architect of the Presidential Compacts movement – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority, now active in more than ten countries across Africa and Asia
- Co-founder of the One For All alliance – a unique partnership with Water for People built around a shared strategy, shared results framework (Destination 2030), and a jointly registered UK legal entity; one of the few genuine peer alliances in international development
- Co-founder of the Agenda for Change – a network of organisations committed to driving systems change in water and sanitation globally
- Pioneer of the systems strengthening agenda in water and sanitation – co-developing the life-cycle costing approach to sustainable services, and convening the All Systems Connect Symposium to connect water, health, climate and social justice
- Working languages: English and French
Angela Huston
Angela Huston joined IRC in 2016 and after seven and a half years of full commitment to the WASH sector, she moved to the role of IRC Associate. In this role, she supported IRC's CONNECT initiative.
Angela has a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from McGill University, completed in close collaboration with the IRC Uganda team. Angela is experienced in dialogue facilitation and inclusive multi-stakeholder methods. She values pragmatism and humour.
Angela speaks English, French, and Spanish, and is currently learning Italian and German.
Trends in rural water supply
Patrick Moriarty
The world knows how to deliver essential public services to everyone. What unlocks it is political will, the right systems, and leaders who understand that water and sanitation are not technical problems – they are governance ones. Patrick Moriarty has spent twenty-five years making that case, and building the intellectual tools to back it up.
His central contribution has been to shift how the sector thinks: from infrastructure to systems, from projects to services, from delivery to sustainability. The concepts of systems thinking, systems strengthening and systems leadership – now embedded in the vocabulary of the field – were developed in significant part through his work at Riva over more than two decades.
That intellectual agenda has always been matched by political engagement. Through his work in Riva and as chair of Sanitation and Water for All, he helped build the Presidential Compact model – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority – into a movement in more than ten countries. A civil engineer by training with a PhD in Water Resource Management, he brings technical grounding to debates that are fundamentally about politics and human behaviour. He is Irish and lives between Bristol and The Hague.
A few highlights
- Secretary General of the Riva Network – leading the transformation of IRC from a Dutch NGO into a federated global network of nationally-led organisations
- An architect of the Presidential Compacts movement – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority, now active in more than ten countries across Africa and Asia
- Co-founder of the One For All alliance – a unique partnership with Water for People built around a shared strategy, shared results framework (Destination 2030), and a jointly registered UK legal entity; one of the few genuine peer alliances in international development
- Co-founder of the Agenda for Change – a network of organisations committed to driving systems change in water and sanitation globally
- Pioneer of the systems strengthening agenda in water and sanitation – co-developing the life-cycle costing approach to sustainable services, and convening the All Systems Connect Symposium to connect water, health, climate and social justice
- Working languages: English and French
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
John Butterworth
Richard Franceys
Read this journal article
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol6/v6issue3/220-a6-3-1
Driving change : strengthening local systems in the water and sanitation sectors
Tetra Tech
LINC
Environmental Incentives
University of Colorado Boulder
Scenarios for public systems transition using learning alliances : the case of water supply in Uganda
Patrick Moriarty
The world knows how to deliver essential public services to everyone. What unlocks it is political will, the right systems, and leaders who understand that water and sanitation are not technical problems – they are governance ones. Patrick Moriarty has spent twenty-five years making that case, and building the intellectual tools to back it up.
His central contribution has been to shift how the sector thinks: from infrastructure to systems, from projects to services, from delivery to sustainability. The concepts of systems thinking, systems strengthening and systems leadership – now embedded in the vocabulary of the field – were developed in significant part through his work at Riva over more than two decades.
That intellectual agenda has always been matched by political engagement. Through his work in Riva and as chair of Sanitation and Water for All, he helped build the Presidential Compact model – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority – into a movement in more than ten countries. A civil engineer by training with a PhD in Water Resource Management, he brings technical grounding to debates that are fundamentally about politics and human behaviour. He is Irish and lives between Bristol and The Hague.
A few highlights
- Secretary General of the Riva Network – leading the transformation of IRC from a Dutch NGO into a federated global network of nationally-led organisations
- An architect of the Presidential Compacts movement – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority, now active in more than ten countries across Africa and Asia
- Co-founder of the One For All alliance – a unique partnership with Water for People built around a shared strategy, shared results framework (Destination 2030), and a jointly registered UK legal entity; one of the few genuine peer alliances in international development
- Co-founder of the Agenda for Change – a network of organisations committed to driving systems change in water and sanitation globally
- Pioneer of the systems strengthening agenda in water and sanitation – co-developing the life-cycle costing approach to sustainable services, and convening the All Systems Connect Symposium to connect water, health, climate and social justice
- Working languages: English and French
Jane Nabunnya Mulumba
Before Jane Nabunnya Mulumba joined Riva, she spent a decade helping civil society organisations across Uganda find their voice – learning how to document evidence, engage local government and hold public institutions to account. She brought that understanding with her when she joined, and it shapes everything she does: systems don't transform because of better plans. They transform because the right people are involved and heard.
Jane connects grassroots-level evidence with the policy tables where decisions are made – helping Uganda's institutions build the accountability structures that make services work for everyone. She’s equally at home moderating a national planning dialogue with government ministries as she is helping local leaders find their seat at the table. What she brings to both is the conviction that the least-heard voices should shape what happens next – and the skill to make that happen.
Twenty years of being embedded in Uganda's public service landscape have given Jane a depth of relationships and understanding that goes well beyond her formal roles. Recognised among the Top 100 African Women Leading Africa’s Water and Sanitation Future in 2026, and as one of the women influencing change in Uganda in 2015, she holds three Master’s degrees – in Communication, in Public Policy and Management, and in Public Health Leadership. She is based in Kampala.
A few highlights
- 15 years building systems leadership and institutional reform in Uganda – from district networks to national planning tables
- Country Coordinator, Triple-S initiative in Uganda – multi-country systems change programme supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Member of the National WASH Steering Committee – cross-ministerial body working to break institutional silos and strengthen accountability for service delivery
- Board of Directors, UWASNET – the national civil society network for water and sanitation, representing a unified voice for policy influence
- National Coordinator, Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) – a UN-hosted global membership organisation
- One of the Women Influencing Change in Uganda, UWASNET, 2015
- One of the 100 women leading Africa’s Water and Sanitation Future, the African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) and Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN), 2026
- Working languages: English and Luganda
Martin Watsisi
Angela Huston
Angela Huston joined IRC in 2016 and after seven and a half years of full commitment to the WASH sector, she moved to the role of IRC Associate. In this role, she supported IRC's CONNECT initiative.
Angela has a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from McGill University, completed in close collaboration with the IRC Uganda team. Angela is experienced in dialogue facilitation and inclusive multi-stakeholder methods. She values pragmatism and humour.
Angela speaks English, French, and Spanish, and is currently learning Italian and German.
Susan Gaskin
All Systems Connect
Patrick Moriarty
The world knows how to deliver essential public services to everyone. What unlocks it is political will, the right systems, and leaders who understand that water and sanitation are not technical problems – they are governance ones. Patrick Moriarty has spent twenty-five years making that case, and building the intellectual tools to back it up.
His central contribution has been to shift how the sector thinks: from infrastructure to systems, from projects to services, from delivery to sustainability. The concepts of systems thinking, systems strengthening and systems leadership – now embedded in the vocabulary of the field – were developed in significant part through his work at Riva over more than two decades.
That intellectual agenda has always been matched by political engagement. Through his work in Riva and as chair of Sanitation and Water for All, he helped build the Presidential Compact model – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority – into a movement in more than ten countries. A civil engineer by training with a PhD in Water Resource Management, he brings technical grounding to debates that are fundamentally about politics and human behaviour. He is Irish and lives between Bristol and The Hague.
A few highlights
- Secretary General of the Riva Network – leading the transformation of IRC from a Dutch NGO into a federated global network of nationally-led organisations
- An architect of the Presidential Compacts movement – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority, now active in more than ten countries across Africa and Asia
- Co-founder of the One For All alliance – a unique partnership with Water for People built around a shared strategy, shared results framework (Destination 2030), and a jointly registered UK legal entity; one of the few genuine peer alliances in international development
- Co-founder of the Agenda for Change – a network of organisations committed to driving systems change in water and sanitation globally
- Pioneer of the systems strengthening agenda in water and sanitation – co-developing the life-cycle costing approach to sustainable services, and convening the All Systems Connect Symposium to connect water, health, climate and social justice
- Working languages: English and French
Jorge Alvarez-Sala
We have a district WASH master plan: now what?
As the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector seeks to support progress quickly towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), several beneficial tools have been developed to foster progress. One is to develop Master Plans that provide a roadmap for how a set of partners; including government, NGOs, private sector, donors, and other stakeholders; can provide their contributions and move together towards a shared vision. Developing this type of collaborative, detailed, and long-term plan for an entire district is an accomplishment to be celebrated; indeed, the celebration itself often serves as an influencing and partnership development opportunity. To date, at least four countries [Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Uganda] have master plans leading to 2030, but when the launching celebration is over we are left with the question – now what?
A learning event on February 19, 2021, convened by IRC and Millennium Water Alliance with the topic, “The art of master planning and leveraging strategic partnerships” suggested the answer to this question is: Use the master plan – creatively and consistently as there is no perfect linear path.
The initial thinking behind the development of master plans was that if you have a fully costed plan for how to achieve SDG 6 targets across a district, the plan will do two things: 1. Provide a point of entry to utilise methods beyond ‘business as usual’ and push the sector toward systems approaches and 2. Serve as a roadmap to be shared with funders which would result in full funding to achieve the plan. The reality of course is always messier than the initial thinking (see this document to learn more about the messiness of an envisioned planning process versus reality). Once the master plans were finished, next steps were murkier than hoped and new funding did not immediately appear.
But one district provides an example of how to figure out what comes next and make it happen. The learning session featured Juste Nansi, Country Director for IRC Burkina Faso. Juste presented the creative efforts of the Mayor and other stakeholders of Banfora District in Burkina Faso to work creatively to reach out to a multitude of potential stakeholders. The developed master plan identified a finance gap (difference between available funds and funds needed to implement the master plan) of 30.4 million USD. Once the plan was developed the Mayor of Banfora took up the mantle and went to anyone and everyone to find creative sources of funding to get to full coverage. Funding partners included:
- Communities via tariffs and household investments
- Local businesses (e.g. bakeries, hotels, restaurants, trades people, materials suppliers)
- Diaspora communities living in other areas of Burkina Faso and abroad
- National water utility
- Central government
- International NGOs and donors.
The Mayor also used the master plan to advocate to the national water utility and the national government to provide more funding and support to show great progress for water in Banfora. One way the district jump-started these efforts was to host a major launch ceremony for the finalised master plan. This event was chaired by a National State Minister who made a significant public commitment to the plan and funding during the ceremony. These efforts have been successful in leveraging 12.5 million USD in increased funding to support the implementation of the master plan. The Mayor of Banfora has continued to utilise public events to raise awareness of the master plan and to advocate for more funding and partnerships. This has been so successful that national media have been reporting on the progress of the master plan in Banfora. Finally, the Mayor developed a Master Plan Investor’s Platform where information related to planning, reporting, and learning is shared regularly with contributors to the plan.
The efforts in Banfora to obtain the funding to implement the master plan required not just using the plan to ask for money but also intensive efforts to build and strengthen partnerships with multiple sectors, including new actors who were not previously involved in funding WASH.
Following these insights from Juste three other experts including Jane Nabunnya, IRC Uganda Country Director; Abiy Girma, Head of National One WASH Coordination Office, Ethiopia; James Ata-Era, Asutifi North District Planning Officer, Ghana, provided their reflections on the use of the master plan in Banfora and what they have seen in their own countries and districts.
One of the most interesting aspects of the learning session was the similarities that emerged from all four country situations. All four identified that:
- Understanding where resources (money and in-kind support) come from is an important step.
- Local government leadership (ownership) of development, use, and implementation of the plan is critically important.
- Government has a critical role in coordinating the roles and contributions of each partner.
- Partnerships are required if you expect to get far in funding and implementing the master plan.
The audience was very engaged throughout the presentations and discussion. Insightful questions were raised both by the panellists for each other and by the audience. Select questions included:
- If you raise all the money to implement the master plans – does the district have the adsorption capacity to fully utilise the resources?
- How would the options and progress be different if the baseline coverage rates were much lower and the finance required much higher as a starting point for this work? Would as much progress be possible if the starting point was even more challenging?
- Is it possible to suggest what funding and partnerships were made available due to the master plan versus what might have been obtained regardless?
- What are ideas and suggestions for how to build on the work done thus far to scale the use of master plan development as a nation-wide practice?
- Is this a zero-sum process whereby new funds coming into this district means funding to another district has to decrease?
Many of these questions do not currently have simple answers and it remains up to all stakeholders working in water to continue innovating and piloting new systems approaches to push our collective learning forward.
To conclude the session Magdalene Matthews of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation shared that while the master plans are an excellent resource, the process of developing the plans is just as important in the way it brings stakeholders together to coalesce around a shared vision for how to address challenges in a district. The Hilton Foundation wants to continue providing support in ways that are aligned with local and national government priorities and focused on system strengthening approaches that should result in high-performing districts that can serve as demonstration districts to promote scale. The Hilton Foundation views the master plans as having a strategic role in driving increased financing to districts, supporting and ensuring government ownership and leadership, and fostering the development of strategic partnerships for improved sustainability and impact. Magdalene’s final words looking forward served to inspire session attendees to continue advancing on this sometimes messy path, piloting, learning, and engaging together to progress towards the SDGs.
More Learning
For more resources and learning you can view the full session recording here or visit this webpage for extensive resources on the Collective Action work of the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Safe Water Strategy grantees.
Blog information
Authors: Laura Brunson of Millennium Water Alliance and Juste Nansi of IRC
Review/Editing by: John Butterworth, Vera van der Grift and Tettje van Daalen
Information about the series
This e-learning series is convened by IRC with topic-specific assistance from other partners. The series is open to all Safe Water Strategy partners and friends and aims to support cross-context learning and strategic exchange within the Safe Water Strategy community. Funding for the e-learning series is generously provided by the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation.
Next topics for the e-learning series
- April – Improving water quality in different settings
- May – Finance
Laura Brunson
WASH master plan for Asutifi North District Assembly : 2019 annual performance report
It summarises partner roles, progress across core service areas, and identifies both success factors and ongoing challenges in delivering WASH goals for the district.
Planning differently : developing long-term, strategic plans for district-wide water, sanitation and hygiene services
John Butterworth
Laura Brunson
It highlights collaborative efforts, lessons learned, and the importance of improved service delivery models, system strengthening, partnerships, and sustainable financing in regional WASH planning.
Strong WASH systems: the importance of master planning
It showcases systems agents who are at the forefront of efforts to secure safe water and sanitation for all.
Guidelines for strengthening woreda-wide WASH systems in Ethiopia
Gezahegn Lemecha Boru
Gezahegn Lemecha is a water and sanitation and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) systems specialist with more than 30 years of experience supporting governments and development partners to improve how public services are planned, governed, financed, and delivered. He believes that lasting development is achieved not through isolated projects, but by building capable institutions, fostering meaningful partnerships, and creating systems that continue to serve people long after projects have ended.
His career spans government, public enterprises, international NGOs, multilateral organisations, and the private sector, where he has worked as a client, contractor, consultant, and programme leader. This wide experience gives him a nuanced understanding of the priorities and constraints that shape decision-making across institutions. He is skilled at bridging the gap between policy and implementation, working closely with different stakeholders to build partnerships, facilitate dialogue, and support evidence-informed action.
Gezahegn's expertise includes water, sanitation and hygiene systems (WASH) strengthening, programme leadership, IWRM, institutional development, water governance, groundwater resources development, programme evaluation, action research, and knowledge management. In his current role as Programme Manager at Riva, he provides strategic direction for programmes that strengthen rural and urban water and sanitation systems through institutional capacity development, programme evaluation, partnership management, and sector learning. His work has contributed to policy dialogue, organisational improvement, and the generation of practical evidence that informs sector reforms and supports the scaling of effective approaches.
Earlier in his career, Gezahegn led large-scale groundwater exploration and water supply engineering programmes, managed regional water supply and water resources management operations, and guided multidisciplinary teams responsible for infrastructure development, utility governance, and public sector reform. This combination of technical and leadership experience allows him to connect engineering solutions with institutional and policy change.
Gezahegn is passionate about helping organisations learn, adapt, and improve. He values collaborative leadership, continuous learning, and locally led development, believing that the most effective solutions emerge when governments, communities, development partners, and the private sector work together towards shared goals. His work is guided by a commitment to strengthening public systems that improve people's lives and build resilience for future generations.
He holds a Bachelor of Science in Geology and a Master of Science in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), both from Addis Ababa University. He is fluent in English, Amharic, and Afan Oromo.
Career highlights
- Supported the development and implementation of district-wide WASH master plans, resource mobilization strategies, expenditure tracking, asset management systems, and urban utility strengthening initiatives to improve service sustainability and institutional performance.
- Contributed to the development of Ethiopia's Guidelines for Strengthening Woreda-Wide WASH Systems, led the preparation of the policy brief Improving Rural Water Supply Financing in Ethiopia, and contributed to the policy brief on Climate Resilient WASH: Working Across SDG 6, supporting evidence-informed policy and sector reform.
- Was Deputy Bureau Head of the Oromia Water, Mineral and Energy Bureau, chaired the Regional One WASH Technical Coordination Platform, the Regional WASH Cluster, and was a director of the Boards of Directors of the Adama and Bishoftu Water Supply and Sewerage Utilities.
Marieke Adank
A researcher at heart, Marieke loves working with local and national governments, non-governmental organisations, private sector and academic institutions on identifying and addressing challenges related to the provision of public services, especially water supply and sanitation. The practical application and use of research findings, information and data is central to Marieke’s work. She has supported local governments and their partners in Ghana, Ethiopia and Rwanda, in using data to develop and implement robust master plans. Based on these experiences, and those of others, she developed a comprehensive resources base on district WASH master planning, including a Systems Academy course, which has been accessed and applied by various stakeholders. Districts and municipalities in Ghana, Ethiopia, and beyond now have and implement such plans, to ensure water and sanitation for all.
Over the years, she has played an active role in informing, facilitating and stimulating sector debate both at national and global levels. This has included the establishment of Ghana’s National Level Leaning Alliance Platform, and facilitation of the Thematic Group on Sustainable Services of the rural Water Supply Network (RWSN). In addition, she has co-authored several papers bringing together global experiences, lessons and insights on issues like small town water supply, utilitisation of rural water supply, and regulation of water and sanitation services. She has also been instrumental in developing and applying monitoring and evaluation frameworks for systems-strengthening projects and programmes, as well as strengthening sectoral monitoring systems.
Her PhD, completed at Erasmus University Rotterdam in 2026, examined the political, cultural, and institutional factors that determine whether monitoring data shape decisions and accountability. This combination of academic and practical insights sets Marieke apart and enables her to contribute to systems strengthening, transition and change processes that ensure the provision of sustainable public services for all.
Some highlights
- Years and geography: Over 23 years of experience in a great variety of countries, including Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Peru, Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe.
- Types of clients/partners: The Blue Deal Office, FCDO, USAID, UNICEF, DGIS, CNHF, Osprey Foundation, BMGF, VEI
- Flagship assignments: Managed the 1 million USD monitoring and learning part of the ONEWASH Plus project in 8 small towns in Ethiopia (2014-2020). Developed and manages a facility which provides (local) governments and its partners with access to case examples, tools, and resources for developing and implementing district master plans (2020-ongoing). Led strategic monitoring of FCDO’s WASH Systems for Health Project in six countries (2024-2026).
- Global/institutional roles: Has (co-)authored many peer-reviewed publications, including on monitoring and data use, ‘utilitisation’ of rural water supply, and regulation. Published her PhD dissertation on the use of monitoring data in early 2026.
- Languages: Dutch (mother tongue), English (fluent), French (intermediate), Spanish (basic)
It highlights the importance of stakeholder agreement for effective systems change and successful adoption of the guidelines.
Pathways to universal WASH coverage in Ghana: lessons from scaling Asutifi North’s master planning approach
Sára Bori
Sára Bori’s work is shaped by an early, lived understanding of how water systems touch everyday life. In the Netherlands, through a grandfather who settled in the 1980s in a town newly carved from the sea, and an aunt who made her home on a boat. In rural Hungary, her family relied on self‑supply, so during her childhood years she had to get drinking water from her grandmother’s piped town connection because the water at home was unsafe to drink. More than 30 years later, she lives in the same region and sees how those self‑supply challenges persist and are now exacerbated by climate change. These stories continue to guide how she understands development, inequality and public systems.
Sára works at the intersection of knowledge, evidence and influence. As a knowledge management and communications expert, she helps institutions harvest outcomes and lessons as systems evolve, ensuring that learning travels between countries, organisations and levels of decision‑making. A core part of this work is translating complex evidence into high‑quality publications and audiovisual products – through openness to innovation, rigorous editorial processes and publishing to recognised quality standards - so that insights are credible, accessible and fit for purpose. Her attention to detail, combined with strong project management skills, ensures that complex, multi‑stakeholder initiatives are delivered with clarity, coherence and care.
Over the past decade, Sara has led flagship knowledge and communications initiatives in the water and sanitation sector with global reach. Across her work, she keeps returning to one question: who benefits when systems function – and who pays the price when they don’t? Seeing how access to water creates and reinforces social divides, she consistently interrogates the ultimate goal of generating, sharing and using knowledge: achieving social justice for all.
A few highlights
- Over 10 years’ experience in global knowledge management, communications and learning for systems change
- Adviser to the Government of the Netherlands on strategic communications for World Water Week (2020–2026) and the UN 2023 Water Conference
- Co‑author of UNICEF’s WASH Knowledge Management Strategy 2022–2025
- Knowledge management lead for All Systems Connect 2023, international symposium, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Communications lead for All Systems Go Africa 2022, supporting national water, sanitation and hygiene systems strengthening across the African continent
- Project manager of annual reports, strategies and organisational annual planning for over eight years
- Keen implementer of outcome harvesting to capture stories of change
- Working languages: English, Dutch, Hungarian
Drawing on experience from IRC Ghana’s work, it offers guidance for stakeholders aiming to expand effective WASH solutions and contribute to sustainable water management in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.
Measuring what matters: rethinking evaluation in WASH systems strengthening programmes
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Ruchika Shiva
Ruchika Shiva came to her work through the people that public services most often miss. Before joining Riva, she worked on rights of children in difficult circumstances, including street children in Delhi and ran advocacy campaigns on girls' right to education. That background gave her a conviction that ripples through all of her work: a system that doesn’t reach everyone isn’t finished yet.
Ruchika works with the governments and institutions that deliver essential services – village councils deciding how to allocate and spent water budgets, city utilities trying to reach informal settlements, state governments understanding where money flows through their systems and where it stops. She helps them close the gap between what their systems promise and what communities actually receive: by building better evidence, strengthening governance, and designing services with the people most likely to be left out.
Nineteen years working in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Cambodia have given Ruchika a deep understanding of how this region's institutions work – and where they fail. She firmly believes that the first question we should ask is: who is this system designed for? Ruchika’s 2025 paper on gender equity and social inclusion, now a WASH Systems Academy course, has shifted how practitioners across six countries work. She holds an MA in Social Work from Delhi University, is fluent in English and Hindi, and is based in Delhi.
A few highlights
- 19 years in development; 11 years leading Riva's Asia programme across India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Cambodia
- Systems leadership for water-secure cities – Water4Change programme with city governments in Bhopal, Bhuj and Kozhikode
- Climate resilience and institutional strengthening in four climate hotspots in Bangladesh, in partnership with BRAC, supported by the Dutch Embassy
- Lead for gender equity and social inclusion across the FCDO WASH Systems for Health programme in six countries
- Co-author of the 2025 learning note on GESI-responsive systems strengthening which is also the basis for a WASH Systems Academy course
- Working languages: English and Hindi
WASH master plan for Asutifi North District Assembly : 2019 annual performance report
It summarises partner roles, progress across core service areas, and identifies both success factors and ongoing challenges in delivering WASH goals for the district.
Monitoring methods for systems-strengthening activities toward sustainable water and sanitation services in low-income settings
Daniel Hollander
Brittany Ajroud
Evan Thomas
Shawn Peabody
Elizabeth Jordan
Amy Javernick-Will
Karl Linden
Access the journal article
It discusses early findings from East Africa, the importance of integrating multiple methodologies, and challenges in quantifying outcomes compared to traditional activities.
WASH system building block assessment tool
It provides a snapshot of strengths and weaknesses, highlighting entry points for system strengthening and supporting collaborative discussions and targeted interventions among stakeholders.
Government-led monitoring for sustained water service delivery
Joseph Pearce
Looking beyond headline indicators : water and sanitation services in small towns in Ethiopia
Marieke Adank
A researcher at heart, Marieke loves working with local and national governments, non-governmental organisations, private sector and academic institutions on identifying and addressing challenges related to the provision of public services, especially water supply and sanitation. The practical application and use of research findings, information and data is central to Marieke’s work. She has supported local governments and their partners in Ghana, Ethiopia and Rwanda, in using data to develop and implement robust master plans. Based on these experiences, and those of others, she developed a comprehensive resources base on district WASH master planning, including a Systems Academy course, which has been accessed and applied by various stakeholders. Districts and municipalities in Ghana, Ethiopia, and beyond now have and implement such plans, to ensure water and sanitation for all.
Over the years, she has played an active role in informing, facilitating and stimulating sector debate both at national and global levels. This has included the establishment of Ghana’s National Level Leaning Alliance Platform, and facilitation of the Thematic Group on Sustainable Services of the rural Water Supply Network (RWSN). In addition, she has co-authored several papers bringing together global experiences, lessons and insights on issues like small town water supply, utilitisation of rural water supply, and regulation of water and sanitation services. She has also been instrumental in developing and applying monitoring and evaluation frameworks for systems-strengthening projects and programmes, as well as strengthening sectoral monitoring systems.
Her PhD, completed at Erasmus University Rotterdam in 2026, examined the political, cultural, and institutional factors that determine whether monitoring data shape decisions and accountability. This combination of academic and practical insights sets Marieke apart and enables her to contribute to systems strengthening, transition and change processes that ensure the provision of sustainable public services for all.
Some highlights
- Years and geography: Over 23 years of experience in a great variety of countries, including Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Peru, Uganda, Rwanda, Zimbabwe.
- Types of clients/partners: The Blue Deal Office, FCDO, USAID, UNICEF, DGIS, CNHF, Osprey Foundation, BMGF, VEI
- Flagship assignments: Managed the 1 million USD monitoring and learning part of the ONEWASH Plus project in 8 small towns in Ethiopia (2014-2020). Developed and manages a facility which provides (local) governments and its partners with access to case examples, tools, and resources for developing and implementing district master plans (2020-ongoing). Led strategic monitoring of FCDO’s WASH Systems for Health Project in six countries (2024-2026).
- Global/institutional roles: Has (co-)authored many peer-reviewed publications, including on monitoring and data use, ‘utilitisation’ of rural water supply, and regulation. Published her PhD dissertation on the use of monitoring data in early 2026.
- Languages: Dutch (mother tongue), English (fluent), French (intermediate), Spanish (basic)
John Butterworth
Samuel Godfrey
From infrastructure to services: trends in monitoring sustainable WASH services
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Craig Hempfling
Using WASH Accounts for improved financial data management
Richard Ward
Accessing GCF funds for water security and climate-resilient water and sanitation
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
The experience of Vanuatu in securing Green Climate Funds for water security
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Closing the financing gap: public policy actions for water and sanitation
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
SWA Systems and Finance Working Group
Unlocking finance for water and sanitation with nature-based solutions
Lars Osterwalder
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Richard Ward
Climate finance from carbon markets for water and sanitation, illustrated by safe water projects in East Africa
Lars Osterwalder
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Richard Ward
Reducing the finance gap across the water and sanitation sector
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Financial credibility: key to the systemic transformation of water and sanitation in Africa
Juste Nansi
Africa’s water and public services crisis, Juste argues, is not a financing problem. It is an institutional one. Donors can build infrastructure and pay for programmes; what they cannot build is the credibility of the state that has to run them. That gap – between money spent and systems that actually work – is what he has spent twenty years closing.
Juste works with the people who carry national reform: ministers and ministry directors writing the policies; finance officials deciding what gets paid for; mayors and district teams who must deliver. He helps them turn ambition into systems that hold – sequencing reform so it survives political turnover, building the accountability that makes domestic financing credible to citizens and to development finance institutions, and connecting national strategy to what can actually be done in a commune in the Sahel. The result, when it works, is institutions that hold their shape under pressure – and finance that follows them.
What’s unusual about Juste is his ability to operate at every level. He moves between a minister’s office and a district planning meeting in the same week, and brings the same quality of attention to both. Twenty years working across Burkina Faso, Mali, Togo, Niger, Ghana, Senegal, Rwanda, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Ethiopia and the wider continent have given him an inside-out reading of how African public systems actually work – where they get stuck, what reform agendas miss, what makes change stick. His training in agronomy and political sociology means he reads institutions the way others read engineering drawings: as systems that either function under stress, or don’t.
A few highlights
- Director: Africa Water and Sanitation Systems Symposium – Kigali, August 2026 (convened by AMCOW and the Government of Rwanda, with continental support of the African Union Commission, facilitated by Riva Africa)
- 20+ years of systems leadership work with governments, regulators and operators across more than 20 African countries, with deep field experience in the Sahel
- National sector programmes designed and supported to strengthen institutions and build lasting delivery capacity (in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Senegal, Rwanda and other countries)
- Governance and accountability frameworks and long-term service delivery plans developed across 100+ municipalities in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger
- Strategic advisor to WHO and UNICEF – member of the independent advisory groups for JMP (Joint Monitoring Programme) and GLAAS (Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water) since 2023
- Strategic advisor to the African Water and Sanitation Association (AfWASA) – member of the independent strategic council since 2024
- Trusted partner to the Governments of Burkina Faso, Benin, Mali, Niger and Rwanda; to AMCOW, ESAWAS, AfWASA, AfDB, AFD, the West African Development Bank (BOAD), UNICEF and WHO; the European Union Delegations in Burkina Faso and Niger; the Embassies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Benin; and the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation and Vitol Foundation on sector strategy and reform
- Academic foundation: PhD in Development Sociology, engineering degree in agronomy
- Working languages: French and English
From commitments to action: financing equitable WASH services in Ghana
Basilia Nanbigne
Beata Awinpoka-Akanyani
Anita Djandoh
Assessment of India’s 15th Finance Commission recommended WASH sector grants through Rural Local Bodies
Advancing sustainable WASH finance: an ESG collaborative dialogue with commercial financial institutions
Unlocking Sustainable finance for WASH: Uganda's banking sector steps In
On 17 June 2025, Uganda's WASH sector and the Uganda Bankers' Association convened in Kampala to launch a new platform for unlocking local, sustainable financing for water, sanitation, and hygiene services. With only 19% of Ugandans accessing safely managed water and 18% accessing safely managed sanitation as of 2022, the Ministry of Water and Environment is leading efforts to close this gap by working with the financial sector. The breakfast dialogue explored how Uganda's recently launched Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Framework could underpin a dedicated Sustainable Financing Framework for WASH, bringing ESG champions, banks, and WASH stakeholders together to define practical next steps. It marks the first in a planned series of engagements aimed at making sustainable WASH financing a lasting reality ahead of the 2030 SDG 6 deadline.
Life-cycle costs approach: costing sustainable services
Catarina Fonseca
There is enough money in the world to give everyone safe water and sanitation. The problem is the gap between where capital sits and where it needs to flow. For more than twenty-six years, Catarina Fonseca has worked on closing that gap: building the economic frameworks, financial tools and evidence that help governments and development banks stop treating water as a cost and start treating it as an investment.
She works with finance ministers, development banks and multilateral agencies to identify the changes needed in regulation and institutional set-ups to make essential water services for everyone viable over the long term. Her analyses help governments answer the questions that investors and treasuries always ask first: what will this cost over its whole life, who will pay for it, and will it be sustainable?
She’s carried out that work across Africa, Asia and Latin America – developing national finance strategies for Ethiopia, Rwanda, Malawi and Cambodia, and advising on investment frameworks for the European Investment Bank, the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the Agence Française de Développement. She also served as independent expert advisor to the Dutch Prime Minister's High-Level Panel on Water Investments in Africa – bringing Riva's analytical depth to the conversations where the largest commitments are made.
Catarina trained as an economist in Lisbon before completing a doctoral degree in Water Sciences at Cranfield University – a combination that explains why finance ministers and district water authorities find her equally credible. She is the author of the Handbook for Finance Ministers on water and sanitation investment, and has written or co-authored more than 100 papers, briefing notes and books that now form the reference library the sector draws on. As a senior associate of Riva and through Pulsing Tide, her own advisory practice, she brings that body of knowledge in-person and online to all corners of the world.
A few highlights
- Author of the Handbook for Finance Ministers – how to make public investment work – the defining reference for governments making the case at the highest political levels
- Independent expert advisor to the Dutch Prime Minister's High-Level Panel on Water Investments in Africa
- National water finance strategies developed for Ethiopia, Rwanda, Malawi and Cambodia – with UNICEF, FCDO and AFD
- WASHCost Director (2008–2013) – a landmark five-year programme costing sustainable water services across four countries, supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Advisor to the Water Finance Coalition, bringing together national and international public development banks to improve financing for SDG 6 and the Paris Agreement
- More than 100 published papers, books and briefing notes and developed Riva’s Systems Academy finance course
- Working languages: Portuguese, English, French and Spanish
Peter McIntyre
Patrick Moriarty
The world knows how to deliver essential public services to everyone. What unlocks it is political will, the right systems, and leaders who understand that water and sanitation are not technical problems – they are governance ones. Patrick Moriarty has spent twenty-five years making that case, and building the intellectual tools to back it up.
His central contribution has been to shift how the sector thinks: from infrastructure to systems, from projects to services, from delivery to sustainability. The concepts of systems thinking, systems strengthening and systems leadership – now embedded in the vocabulary of the field – were developed in significant part through his work at Riva over more than two decades.
That intellectual agenda has always been matched by political engagement. Through his work in Riva and as chair of Sanitation and Water for All, he helped build the Presidential Compact model – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority – into a movement in more than ten countries. A civil engineer by training with a PhD in Water Resource Management, he brings technical grounding to debates that are fundamentally about politics and human behaviour. He is Irish and lives between Bristol and The Hague.
A few highlights
- Secretary General of the Riva Network – leading the transformation of IRC from a Dutch NGO into a federated global network of nationally-led organisations
- An architect of the Presidential Compacts movement – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority, now active in more than ten countries across Africa and Asia
- Co-founder of the One For All alliance – a unique partnership with Water for People built around a shared strategy, shared results framework (Destination 2030), and a jointly registered UK legal entity; one of the few genuine peer alliances in international development
- Co-founder of the Agenda for Change – a network of organisations committed to driving systems change in water and sanitation globally
- Pioneer of the systems strengthening agenda in water and sanitation – co-developing the life-cycle costing approach to sustainable services, and convening the All Systems Connect Symposium to connect water, health, climate and social justice
- Working languages: English and French
Arjen Naafs
Born in the leprosy mission ALERT in Ethiopia, where my father served as a doctor, I drank water with excessive levels of fluoride in my younger years — enough to leave my teeth brown and brittle, hard on the outside, soft and fragile within. This daily reminder while brushing my teeth is one of my drivers to change the system. Providing good basic services such as safe water, decent sanitation and good hygiene secures a more dignified life with white smiles and less leprosy. After all, prevention is better than a cure (apologies Dad, for not becoming a doctor!).
As a hydrogeologist, my first job was finding water and drilling boreholes for remote communities in Uganda. Great, rewarding work. However, quite soon I noticed that the boreholes stopped working. Spare parts were unavailable. There was no maintenance budget. No technician. It was never just one thing; it was a whole range of interlinked aspects. That put me on a 25-year journey: from hydrogeologist to systems thinker, from field practitioner to data strategist. I now work with governments, national utilities and district leaders who want to understand how best to provide services that last.
Having been fortunate to have lived in seven, worked in 15+ countries, I thrive on facilitating change across cultures — running a consultancy in Mozambique for a decade, directing WaterAid's technical programme across five South Asian countries, and working as hydrogeology lead with mWater. Now as an associate with Riva, I work at the intersection of water resources, climate change and water and sanitation services. I have shaped climate-resilient strategies with national utilities in Rwanda and Malawi, and drive change through data. I do this with energy, passion and a knack for creating an understanding which lever of the system need to be shifted.
- Senior water and climate leader with 25+ years’ experience of working across Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Lived in Mozambique and Uganda, and lead multi-year programmes in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan and Rwanda.
- Learning, knowledge & evidence champion, supporting external accountability (annual monitoring reports), strengthening national monitoring systems (SINAS Mozambique, Guinea Bissau). Translating programme evidence into guidance (WaterAid’s frameworks on Water quality, Sustainability and Disasters).
- Inclusive and dynamic facilitator, with a strong track record in training (both in-person and virtual training sessions such as masterclasses on Climate Resilience for the Global Centre for Adaptation), and former chair of Riva’s Global and Netherlands Staff Council.
- Dynamic innovator, as managing partner build consultancy company from zero to US$ 800,000 annual turnover; delivered 100+ projects including developing groundbreaking water coverage maps and creating world-first sustainability checks with UNICEF.
- Author or co-author of 20+ publications on Climate (e.g. Climate change, water resources and WASH systems, IRC), Hydrogeology (e.g. “Hydrogeology of Mozambique, BGS) and Life-cycle Costing (e.g. “The Cost of Capital”, IRC)
- Globally oriented and multi-lingual in five languages - English, Dutch, German, Portuguese and Spanish. Additionally strong, nerdy level, digital and analytical skills. MSc in Hydrogeology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Alana Potter
Charles Batchelor
Amah Klutse
Kristin Komives
Kwabena Nyarko
Christelle Pezon
V. Ratna Reddy
Mekala Snehalata
Turn up the dial : system dynamics modeling of resource allocations toward rural water supply maintenance in East Africa
Anna Libey
Pranav Chintalapati
Styvers Kathuni
Bernard Amadei
Evan Thomas
The findings underscore the importance of targeted funding for borehole maintenance to address water stress, optimise service delivery, and strengthen water, sanitation and hygiene systems in challenging environments.
Improving rural water supply financing in Ethiopia
Gezahegn Lemecha Boru
Gezahegn Lemecha is a water and sanitation and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) systems specialist with more than 30 years of experience supporting governments and development partners to improve how public services are planned, governed, financed, and delivered. He believes that lasting development is achieved not through isolated projects, but by building capable institutions, fostering meaningful partnerships, and creating systems that continue to serve people long after projects have ended.
His career spans government, public enterprises, international NGOs, multilateral organisations, and the private sector, where he has worked as a client, contractor, consultant, and programme leader. This wide experience gives him a nuanced understanding of the priorities and constraints that shape decision-making across institutions. He is skilled at bridging the gap between policy and implementation, working closely with different stakeholders to build partnerships, facilitate dialogue, and support evidence-informed action.
Gezahegn's expertise includes water, sanitation and hygiene systems (WASH) strengthening, programme leadership, IWRM, institutional development, water governance, groundwater resources development, programme evaluation, action research, and knowledge management. In his current role as Programme Manager at Riva, he provides strategic direction for programmes that strengthen rural and urban water and sanitation systems through institutional capacity development, programme evaluation, partnership management, and sector learning. His work has contributed to policy dialogue, organisational improvement, and the generation of practical evidence that informs sector reforms and supports the scaling of effective approaches.
Earlier in his career, Gezahegn led large-scale groundwater exploration and water supply engineering programmes, managed regional water supply and water resources management operations, and guided multidisciplinary teams responsible for infrastructure development, utility governance, and public sector reform. This combination of technical and leadership experience allows him to connect engineering solutions with institutional and policy change.
Gezahegn is passionate about helping organisations learn, adapt, and improve. He values collaborative leadership, continuous learning, and locally led development, believing that the most effective solutions emerge when governments, communities, development partners, and the private sector work together towards shared goals. His work is guided by a commitment to strengthening public systems that improve people's lives and build resilience for future generations.
He holds a Bachelor of Science in Geology and a Master of Science in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), both from Addis Ababa University. He is fluent in English, Amharic, and Afan Oromo.
Career highlights
- Supported the development and implementation of district-wide WASH master plans, resource mobilization strategies, expenditure tracking, asset management systems, and urban utility strengthening initiatives to improve service sustainability and institutional performance.
- Contributed to the development of Ethiopia's Guidelines for Strengthening Woreda-Wide WASH Systems, led the preparation of the policy brief Improving Rural Water Supply Financing in Ethiopia, and contributed to the policy brief on Climate Resilient WASH: Working Across SDG 6, supporting evidence-informed policy and sector reform.
- Was Deputy Bureau Head of the Oromia Water, Mineral and Energy Bureau, chaired the Regional One WASH Technical Coordination Platform, the Regional WASH Cluster, and was a director of the Boards of Directors of the Adama and Bishoftu Water Supply and Sewerage Utilities.
Recommendations include increasing sector financing, improving life cycle cost coverage, establishing rural tariffs, strengthening monitoring systems, and securing supply chains to achieve universal basic drinking water access by 2030.
The role of National Public Development Banks in financing the water and sanitation SDG 6, the water related goals of the Paris Agreement and biodiversity protection
Catarina Fonseca
There is enough money in the world to give everyone safe water and sanitation. The problem is the gap between where capital sits and where it needs to flow. For more than twenty-six years, Catarina Fonseca has worked on closing that gap: building the economic frameworks, financial tools and evidence that help governments and development banks stop treating water as a cost and start treating it as an investment.
She works with finance ministers, development banks and multilateral agencies to identify the changes needed in regulation and institutional set-ups to make essential water services for everyone viable over the long term. Her analyses help governments answer the questions that investors and treasuries always ask first: what will this cost over its whole life, who will pay for it, and will it be sustainable?
She’s carried out that work across Africa, Asia and Latin America – developing national finance strategies for Ethiopia, Rwanda, Malawi and Cambodia, and advising on investment frameworks for the European Investment Bank, the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the Agence Française de Développement. She also served as independent expert advisor to the Dutch Prime Minister's High-Level Panel on Water Investments in Africa – bringing Riva's analytical depth to the conversations where the largest commitments are made.
Catarina trained as an economist in Lisbon before completing a doctoral degree in Water Sciences at Cranfield University – a combination that explains why finance ministers and district water authorities find her equally credible. She is the author of the Handbook for Finance Ministers on water and sanitation investment, and has written or co-authored more than 100 papers, briefing notes and books that now form the reference library the sector draws on. As a senior associate of Riva and through Pulsing Tide, her own advisory practice, she brings that body of knowledge in-person and online to all corners of the world.
A few highlights
- Author of the Handbook for Finance Ministers – how to make public investment work – the defining reference for governments making the case at the highest political levels
- Independent expert advisor to the Dutch Prime Minister's High-Level Panel on Water Investments in Africa
- National water finance strategies developed for Ethiopia, Rwanda, Malawi and Cambodia – with UNICEF, FCDO and AFD
- WASHCost Director (2008–2013) – a landmark five-year programme costing sustainable water services across four countries, supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Advisor to the Water Finance Coalition, bringing together national and international public development banks to improve financing for SDG 6 and the Paris Agreement
- More than 100 published papers, books and briefing notes and developed Riva’s Systems Academy finance course
- Working languages: Portuguese, English, French and Spanish
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Goufrane Mansour
Maricela Rodríguez
It reviews the current and potential role of national banks, analyses drivers and constraints, and provides recommendations to maximise their impact in water, sanitation and hygiene financing.
Life-cycle cost analysis for Splash school interventions in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Arjen Naafs
Born in the leprosy mission ALERT in Ethiopia, where my father served as a doctor, I drank water with excessive levels of fluoride in my younger years — enough to leave my teeth brown and brittle, hard on the outside, soft and fragile within. This daily reminder while brushing my teeth is one of my drivers to change the system. Providing good basic services such as safe water, decent sanitation and good hygiene secures a more dignified life with white smiles and less leprosy. After all, prevention is better than a cure (apologies Dad, for not becoming a doctor!).
As a hydrogeologist, my first job was finding water and drilling boreholes for remote communities in Uganda. Great, rewarding work. However, quite soon I noticed that the boreholes stopped working. Spare parts were unavailable. There was no maintenance budget. No technician. It was never just one thing; it was a whole range of interlinked aspects. That put me on a 25-year journey: from hydrogeologist to systems thinker, from field practitioner to data strategist. I now work with governments, national utilities and district leaders who want to understand how best to provide services that last.
Having been fortunate to have lived in seven, worked in 15+ countries, I thrive on facilitating change across cultures — running a consultancy in Mozambique for a decade, directing WaterAid's technical programme across five South Asian countries, and working as hydrogeology lead with mWater. Now as an associate with Riva, I work at the intersection of water resources, climate change and water and sanitation services. I have shaped climate-resilient strategies with national utilities in Rwanda and Malawi, and drive change through data. I do this with energy, passion and a knack for creating an understanding which lever of the system need to be shifted.
- Senior water and climate leader with 25+ years’ experience of working across Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Lived in Mozambique and Uganda, and lead multi-year programmes in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Pakistan and Rwanda.
- Learning, knowledge & evidence champion, supporting external accountability (annual monitoring reports), strengthening national monitoring systems (SINAS Mozambique, Guinea Bissau). Translating programme evidence into guidance (WaterAid’s frameworks on Water quality, Sustainability and Disasters).
- Inclusive and dynamic facilitator, with a strong track record in training (both in-person and virtual training sessions such as masterclasses on Climate Resilience for the Global Centre for Adaptation), and former chair of Riva’s Global and Netherlands Staff Council.
- Dynamic innovator, as managing partner build consultancy company from zero to US$ 800,000 annual turnover; delivered 100+ projects including developing groundbreaking water coverage maps and creating world-first sustainability checks with UNICEF.
- Author or co-author of 20+ publications on Climate (e.g. Climate change, water resources and WASH systems, IRC), Hydrogeology (e.g. “Hydrogeology of Mozambique, BGS) and Life-cycle Costing (e.g. “The Cost of Capital”, IRC)
- Globally oriented and multi-lingual in five languages - English, Dutch, German, Portuguese and Spanish. Additionally strong, nerdy level, digital and analytical skills. MSc in Hydrogeology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
It emphasises the importance of local budget allocation and proposes measures to ensure sustainable funding and reduce reliance on external support for operational costs.
An assessment of sanitation financing options for enterprises and households
Lars Osterwalder
Girma Aboma
It recommends strategies to increase affordable access for consumers and businesses, and strengthens financing models to support improved water, sanitation and hygiene outcomes under the USAID Transform WASH initiative.
Conditions for private sector involvement and financing in rural water supply
Nicolaas Van der Wilk
It explores revenue collection innovations, long-term contracts, and the necessary conditions for attracting public and private investment to expand and modernise rural water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure.
Water & sanitation: how to make public investment work — a handbook for finance ministers
Catarina Fonseca
There is enough money in the world to give everyone safe water and sanitation. The problem is the gap between where capital sits and where it needs to flow. For more than twenty-six years, Catarina Fonseca has worked on closing that gap: building the economic frameworks, financial tools and evidence that help governments and development banks stop treating water as a cost and start treating it as an investment.
She works with finance ministers, development banks and multilateral agencies to identify the changes needed in regulation and institutional set-ups to make essential water services for everyone viable over the long term. Her analyses help governments answer the questions that investors and treasuries always ask first: what will this cost over its whole life, who will pay for it, and will it be sustainable?
She’s carried out that work across Africa, Asia and Latin America – developing national finance strategies for Ethiopia, Rwanda, Malawi and Cambodia, and advising on investment frameworks for the European Investment Bank, the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the Agence Française de Développement. She also served as independent expert advisor to the Dutch Prime Minister's High-Level Panel on Water Investments in Africa – bringing Riva's analytical depth to the conversations where the largest commitments are made.
Catarina trained as an economist in Lisbon before completing a doctoral degree in Water Sciences at Cranfield University – a combination that explains why finance ministers and district water authorities find her equally credible. She is the author of the Handbook for Finance Ministers on water and sanitation investment, and has written or co-authored more than 100 papers, briefing notes and books that now form the reference library the sector draws on. As a senior associate of Riva and through Pulsing Tide, her own advisory practice, she brings that body of knowledge in-person and online to all corners of the world.
A few highlights
- Author of the Handbook for Finance Ministers – how to make public investment work – the defining reference for governments making the case at the highest political levels
- Independent expert advisor to the Dutch Prime Minister's High-Level Panel on Water Investments in Africa
- National water finance strategies developed for Ethiopia, Rwanda, Malawi and Cambodia – with UNICEF, FCDO and AFD
- WASHCost Director (2008–2013) – a landmark five-year programme costing sustainable water services across four countries, supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Advisor to the Water Finance Coalition, bringing together national and international public development banks to improve financing for SDG 6 and the Paris Agreement
- More than 100 published papers, books and briefing notes and developed Riva’s Systems Academy finance course
- Working languages: Portuguese, English, French and Spanish
Lesley Pories
Victoria Delmon
Bill Kingdom
It includes guidance on priority areas, inspirational stories from multiple continents, and a clear call to action for advancing sector investment and impact.
Payment modalities for low-income households
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Lemessa Mekonta
Lemessa Mekonta began his career in groundwater development for human uses, which involves mapping groundwater occurrence and dynamics – learning to read what lies beneath the surface, and how it behaves. That instinct for going deeper than what is immediately visible has stayed with him. For two and half decades, it has shaped how he reads institutions and systems and discovers what’s holding them back.
He works with governments and institutions across Ethiopia to build the planning, financing and operational systems that make essential services reliable over time – from developing district-wide master plans with local governments to strengthening town water utilities to withstand the pressures of a changing climate. His expertise spans urban and rural, formal utility and household self-supply, highland and pastoral lowland. He brings the same discipline to each: understand the whole system before designing any part of it.
What makes Lemessa rare is a trajectory that most advisers lack. He started his career inside Ethiopia's government – as a geologist/hydrogeologist for Oromia's Water, Mineral and Energy Bureau, from junior to senior positions including as a department head for Water Resources management; while with government, Lemessa was also a board chair for a town water utility for five years. He then built and ran his own consultancy for seven years before joining Riva. He has worked inside every part of the system he now helps to reform, and understands what each sector needs, how each thinks, and where they fail to connect. He leads the national Agenda for Change coalition in Ethiopia – convening a collaboration of more than a dozen organizations, involving government, INGOs, multilateral and bilateral organizations around a shared approach to systems strengthening. He holds an MSc in Hydrogeology from Addis Ababa University, and a postgraduate certificate in Engineering geology and hydrogeology from the University of Tübingen, Germany; and he is based in Addis Ababa.
A few highlights
- 25 years of systems leadership across Ethiopia's water sector – spanning government, private consultancy and the NGO sector
- Water resource development including mapping and construction with focus on groundwater for different uses
- Research on Rural water supply operation and maintenance, including governance, supply chains and finance
- Lead, Agenda for Change Ethiopia collaboration – convening 13 plus organisations including government and development partners around a shared systems strengthening approach
- Co-chair national WASH finance working group
- District-wide master planning with local governments, translating long-term visions for water and sanitation into life cycle costed, implementable roadmaps
- Urban water utility strengthening– building the governance, financing and operational capacity that makes town utilities viable
- Research on household self-supply and multiple use water services (MUS) as complements to formal systems – including published work on multiple-use water services in Ethiopia
- MSc in Hydrogeology from Addis Ababa University, and postgraduate certificate in Engineering geology and hydrogeology from the University of Tübingen
- Working languages: Afan Oromo, Amharic and English
It highlights the effectiveness and sustainability of different payment types, and recommends approaches to reduce upfront barriers and expand access and revenue for service providers.
Costing and financing of small-scale water supply and sanitation services
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
Catarina Fonseca
There is enough money in the world to give everyone safe water and sanitation. The problem is the gap between where capital sits and where it needs to flow. For more than twenty-six years, Catarina Fonseca has worked on closing that gap: building the economic frameworks, financial tools and evidence that help governments and development banks stop treating water as a cost and start treating it as an investment.
She works with finance ministers, development banks and multilateral agencies to identify the changes needed in regulation and institutional set-ups to make essential water services for everyone viable over the long term. Her analyses help governments answer the questions that investors and treasuries always ask first: what will this cost over its whole life, who will pay for it, and will it be sustainable?
She’s carried out that work across Africa, Asia and Latin America – developing national finance strategies for Ethiopia, Rwanda, Malawi and Cambodia, and advising on investment frameworks for the European Investment Bank, the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the Agence Française de Développement. She also served as independent expert advisor to the Dutch Prime Minister's High-Level Panel on Water Investments in Africa – bringing Riva's analytical depth to the conversations where the largest commitments are made.
Catarina trained as an economist in Lisbon before completing a doctoral degree in Water Sciences at Cranfield University – a combination that explains why finance ministers and district water authorities find her equally credible. She is the author of the Handbook for Finance Ministers on water and sanitation investment, and has written or co-authored more than 100 papers, briefing notes and books that now form the reference library the sector draws on. As a senior associate of Riva and through Pulsing Tide, her own advisory practice, she brings that body of knowledge in-person and online to all corners of the world.
A few highlights
- Author of the Handbook for Finance Ministers – how to make public investment work – the defining reference for governments making the case at the highest political levels
- Independent expert advisor to the Dutch Prime Minister's High-Level Panel on Water Investments in Africa
- National water finance strategies developed for Ethiopia, Rwanda, Malawi and Cambodia – with UNICEF, FCDO and AFD
- WASHCost Director (2008–2013) – a landmark five-year programme costing sustainable water services across four countries, supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Advisor to the Water Finance Coalition, bringing together national and international public development banks to improve financing for SDG 6 and the Paris Agreement
- More than 100 published papers, books and briefing notes and developed Riva’s Systems Academy finance course
- Working languages: Portuguese, English, French and Spanish
It analyses financial challenges, including funding gaps and recurrent costs, and provides practical considerations for ensuring safe service provision and protecting public health.
Developing water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) finance strategies : a guide
UNICEF
Sanitation and Water for All
Agence Française de Développement
It details the stages of strategy development and implementation, offering practical guidance in multiple languages for advancing sector financing and sustainability.
A hub keeps WASH systems in motion : lessons from Ghana
Vida Duti
Growing up in rural Ghana, Vida Duti carried water from a stream before school every morning.
Decades later she sat in the Office of the President in the moment before he signed the Compact, and many things went through Vida Duti’s mind. “This was a momentous occasion. A triumph of systems leadership by many people. Ghana had raised water, sanitation and hygiene to the highest possible political level. I thought back to our early conversations in IRC, when Patrick Moriarty said ‘I want us to move beyond water and sanitation relationships to work with other sectors; beyond the Ministries of Water to work with Heads of State. That is the only way that we’re going to achieve real, lasting change.'
For more than 25 years as a leader in international development, Vida has reshaped public systems, influenced national policy, and built durable coalitions across Ghana and internationally. Her unique expertise lies in organisational change management, high-level political advocacy, and network stewardship. She excels at breaking down institutional silos, bringing discordant political actors to the table, and identifying the exact leverage points where small systemic shifts unlock large-scale, sustainable transformations.
Her career spans deep structural engagement at every level of governance - from district assemblies to the Office of the President of Ghana, and up to international multilateral alliances. An exceptional networker and systems thinker, Vida brings deep patience and sharp political instinct required to guide complex institutional reforms.
Experience and Reach
- 25+ years of systems leadership: proven track record driving structural public sector reform and policy change from district assemblies to the Office of the President.
- Securing high level political commitment: member of the core team that catalysed and designed the Ghana Presidential WASH Compact, aligning state ministries, development partners, and civil society under high-level political commitments.
- Institutional reform: specialist in restructuring public agencies, professionalizing rural water delivery, and transitioning entities into modern, efficient utilities.
- Scaling of districtwide initiatives: secured local government and NGO partnerships to deliver universal water and sanitation services, successfully scaling district-level models into national planning guidelines.
- State and international governance: served on boards of Ghana Water Limited, Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Ghana Water Institute and SafiSana Ghana, and currently serving on global boards such as the Global Water Center (USA).
- National financing strategy: leading teams across government and international partners to build the financial case for essential services, create political commitment, and translate that commitment into plans that governments can deliver
- Change management: directing complex organisational restructuring and network evolution.
- Canadian High Commission, Senior Development Officer (2004–2009): working directly with Parliament and the Office of the President to establish national models for executive decision making and local government accountability
- Recipient of the 2018 OPEC Fund Annual Award for International Development.
- Languages: Sefwi, Asante-Twi, Fante, English, and basic French.
Personal & philanthropic highlights
- Vida used her 2018 OPEC Fund prize money to build vital, life-changing water and sanitation infrastructure for the community health facility and school in Sefwi Bodi, the village where she grew up.
Peter McIntyre
Sára Bori
Sára Bori’s work is shaped by an early, lived understanding of how water systems touch everyday life. In the Netherlands, through a grandfather who settled in the 1980s in a town newly carved from the sea, and an aunt who made her home on a boat. In rural Hungary, her family relied on self‑supply, so during her childhood years she had to get drinking water from her grandmother’s piped town connection because the water at home was unsafe to drink. More than 30 years later, she lives in the same region and sees how those self‑supply challenges persist and are now exacerbated by climate change. These stories continue to guide how she understands development, inequality and public systems.
Sára works at the intersection of knowledge, evidence and influence. As a knowledge management and communications expert, she helps institutions harvest outcomes and lessons as systems evolve, ensuring that learning travels between countries, organisations and levels of decision‑making. A core part of this work is translating complex evidence into high‑quality publications and audiovisual products – through openness to innovation, rigorous editorial processes and publishing to recognised quality standards - so that insights are credible, accessible and fit for purpose. Her attention to detail, combined with strong project management skills, ensures that complex, multi‑stakeholder initiatives are delivered with clarity, coherence and care.
Over the past decade, Sara has led flagship knowledge and communications initiatives in the water and sanitation sector with global reach. Across her work, she keeps returning to one question: who benefits when systems function – and who pays the price when they don’t? Seeing how access to water creates and reinforces social divides, she consistently interrogates the ultimate goal of generating, sharing and using knowledge: achieving social justice for all.
A few highlights
- Over 10 years’ experience in global knowledge management, communications and learning for systems change
- Adviser to the Government of the Netherlands on strategic communications for World Water Week (2020–2026) and the UN 2023 Water Conference
- Co‑author of UNICEF’s WASH Knowledge Management Strategy 2022–2025
- Knowledge management lead for All Systems Connect 2023, international symposium, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Communications lead for All Systems Go Africa 2022, supporting national water, sanitation and hygiene systems strengthening across the African continent
- Project manager of annual reports, strategies and organisational annual planning for over eight years
- Keen implementer of outcome harvesting to capture stories of change
- Working languages: English, Dutch, Hungarian
David Korboe
Trends in rural water supply
Patrick Moriarty
The world knows how to deliver essential public services to everyone. What unlocks it is political will, the right systems, and leaders who understand that water and sanitation are not technical problems – they are governance ones. Patrick Moriarty has spent twenty-five years making that case, and building the intellectual tools to back it up.
His central contribution has been to shift how the sector thinks: from infrastructure to systems, from projects to services, from delivery to sustainability. The concepts of systems thinking, systems strengthening and systems leadership – now embedded in the vocabulary of the field – were developed in significant part through his work at Riva over more than two decades.
That intellectual agenda has always been matched by political engagement. Through his work in Riva and as chair of Sanitation and Water for All, he helped build the Presidential Compact model – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority – into a movement in more than ten countries. A civil engineer by training with a PhD in Water Resource Management, he brings technical grounding to debates that are fundamentally about politics and human behaviour. He is Irish and lives between Bristol and The Hague.
A few highlights
- Secretary General of the Riva Network – leading the transformation of IRC from a Dutch NGO into a federated global network of nationally-led organisations
- An architect of the Presidential Compacts movement – head-of-state commitments to water and sanitation as a national priority, now active in more than ten countries across Africa and Asia
- Co-founder of the One For All alliance – a unique partnership with Water for People built around a shared strategy, shared results framework (Destination 2030), and a jointly registered UK legal entity; one of the few genuine peer alliances in international development
- Co-founder of the Agenda for Change – a network of organisations committed to driving systems change in water and sanitation globally
- Pioneer of the systems strengthening agenda in water and sanitation – co-developing the life-cycle costing approach to sustainable services, and convening the All Systems Connect Symposium to connect water, health, climate and social justice
- Working languages: English and French
Stef Smits
Stef has worked with governments, NGOs, development banks and consultants across all areas of the international water sector: from analysing the lifetime costs of services and how they can be financed, to developing institutional arrangements and monitoring their effectiveness. He brings that analytical rigour to strategic advisory work, based on more than 25 years of experience across more than 25 countries in Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia – turning research findings into practical decisions and investment strategies. In an organisation known for thought leadership, he builds the tools that enable others to put those ideas into action.
Over the past years, he has taken on a more internal management and leadership role, with responsibilities for business development and financial management. In 2026, Stef has become CEO of Riva The Netherlands.
He has an MSc in Irrigation and Water Engineering from Wageningen University, and is based in The Hague.
A few highlights
- 25 years of generating research, evidence and tools that have helped reshape how governments, INGOs and development banks across Latin America, Asia and Africa approach the life-cycle costing, financing and sustainability of water services and water resources management
- Director, IRC Netherlands (since 2024) – executive responsibility for a team of 30, leading business development and strategy across the Netherlands and Europe, and spearheading IRC's transition to a nationally-led network model
- Managing large-scale grant programmes including “Building sustainable WASH systems”(funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs) at 1.5 million Euro/year since 2017, and WASH Systems for Health Facility (funded by the FCDO of the UK Government), a £3 million knowledge programme across six countries, linking essential water and sanitation systems strengthening to health impacts
- Pioneer of the multiple-use water services concept – designing systems that serve domestic and productive water needs simultaneously
- Advisory work with the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, DGIS, Agence Française de Development as well as with international NGOs
- Served terms as Executive Steering Committee member, Rural Water Supply Network; Secretary, Multiple Use Services Group; Editorial Board, Water Alternatives journal
- Working languages: Dutch, English, Spanish and Portuguese
John Butterworth
Richard Franceys
Read this journal article
http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol6/v6issue3/220-a6-3-1
Government-led monitoring for sustained water service delivery
Joseph Pearce
Shift the system mapping
Angela Huston
Angela Huston joined IRC in 2016 and after seven and a half years of full commitment to the WASH sector, she moved to the role of IRC Associate. In this role, she supported IRC's CONNECT initiative.
Angela has a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from McGill University, completed in close collaboration with the IRC Uganda team. Angela is experienced in dialogue facilitation and inclusive multi-stakeholder methods. She values pragmatism and humour.
Angela speaks English, French, and Spanish, and is currently learning Italian and German.
Driving change : strengthening local systems in the water and sanitation sectors
Tetra Tech
LINC
Environmental Incentives
University of Colorado Boulder
Public services don’t fail for want of pipes or good intentions. They fail when the system around them breaks. Transforming systems means seeing the whole — and the world it operates in — then acting on it. Each of the fifteen themes below is a lens on how we are doing that.